Toll Road Development in Indonesia

Cost Road Development in Indonesia In Indonesia, street is ordered into Public Road and Toll Road. Open street implies the street accommodated general traffic. Street itself mean land transportation foundation that involves all pieces of the street, including the beneficial structure alongside the hardware thereof devoted for transportation. In the mean time the meaning of Toll Road in Indonesia is open street that become piece of a street organize framework and as a national street wherein the clients are required to pay cost Capacity of Toll Road in Indonesia In view of Law 38/2004 and Government Regulation 15/2005, cost street has position and capacity portrayed as the accompanying : The cost street is worked to: a. guarantees a discouraged traffic in a created territory; b. builds the proficiency and viability of the merchandise and ventures circulation administration so as to improve the monetary turn of events; c. mitigate the budgetary weight of the Government by methods for including the cooperation of the street client; and d. to improve the equivalent dispersion of the consequences of advancement and equity. The cost street will be overseen by the Government or potentially a business substance that is able to do as such. The client of a cost street will be exposed to an obligatory prerequisite of paying a charge for the cost to be utilized as an arrival of speculation, support and advancement of the cost street. Necessity of Toll Road The cost street will have a higher particular, higher security and accommodation administration levels than those of the current open streets which have prerequisite as follows: The cost street utilized for intercity traffic will be structured in any event eighty (80) kilometers every hour, and a cost street in urban regions will be planned at a speed plan of at any rate sixty (60) kilometers every hour. The cost street will be intended to empower it to hold the heaviest pivot of eight (8) tons at the least; Each cost street interface will have railings and be served by intersection offices as extensions of passages. The pints which might be risky to cost street clients will be furnished with security structures with the qualities and structures that can ingest vehicle crash vitality. Monetary Function of Toll Road The fundamental standard monetary capacity of cost street depends on accomplishing financial ideal that can be portrayed as follows : Strategy to support street arrange advancement and its advantages, just as adjusted between provincial turn of events Guaranteeing equivalent appropriation of advancement exercises and gains, and balance in zone improvement with due guideline of equity, Expanding the proficiency of dispersion administrations for development of the economy especially in the more evolved territories Facilitate the budgetary weight of the administration through street client support Diminishing blockage in profoundly development locales coming about effective travel times and low vehicle working expenses Idea of Public Private Partnership (PPP) The term of open private association was utilized first time in the United States to unequivocal connection between's joint open and private segment for instructive projects for urban restoration during the 1950s until 1960s(Yescombe 2007). Truth be told, there is no single or formally dressed meaning of PPP on the planet remembering for Indonesia. As per Delmon (2009) PPP is characterized as a courses of action among open and private elements for conveyance of framework benefits and are viewed as a method of raising extra assets for foundation ventures however more significantly as a way to expand or use better spending financing through proficiency gains. In UK, PPP is clarified as a course of action by which a taxpayer driven organization or personal undertaking is financed and worked through an association of government and the private part. (NAO 2009) The term PPP covers a scope of various structures which can be utilized to convey an undertaking or a help. The term can cover a range from moderately momentary administration contracts; through concession contracts; to joint endeavors and fractional privatizations where there is a sharing of proprietorship between general society and private parts which rely upon the nation and the governmental issues of the time. PPP occupies a space between customarily acquired government ventures with governments financial plan and full privatization with privates spending plan, where government no longer has an immediate job in continuous tasks. PPP empowers to create ventures which need more productivity with incomes just from ventures and are not self-supporting. Under customary open part approach, the open division structures, fabricates, works, and looks after framework, and sets level of amount and norms of administration quality, while under privatization approach, the private segment directs these angles instead of the open segment. Under PPP approach, the open part is at last responsible for administration arrangements, in spite of the fact that the private segment plans, fabricates, works There are different attributes of PPP as follows: PPP is a plan among open and private area. For the most part, it takes type of Contract or Agreement. PPP is applied as a technique for arrangement of open administrations. Open Services in this definition, are not constrained to street administrations. Open division stays answerable for the undertaking on the grounds that a PPP venture is worked to convey open administrations determined by open parts. PPP regularly incorporates venture and development of offices by private areas. In any case, there can be PPP which does exclude office development. PPP is applied just when it conveys Value for Money. It implies reception of PPP is suggested in the event that it can carry bigger advantages to general society contrasted with different methods for venture. PPPs can follow an assortment of structures and authoritative arrangements. Be that as it may, all PPPs fuse three key attributes: A legally binding understanding characterizing the jobs and duties of the gatherings, Reasonable hazard sharing among people in general and the private division accomplices, and Budgetary prizes to the private party proportionate with the accomplishment of pre indicated yields. PPP is one device accessible for chiefs in improving foundation or administration conveyance. It is best way when it is joined by other change exercises to support and fortify the PPP and to help reasonable improvement. A fruitful PPP is planned with cautious regard for the unique circumstance or the empowering condition inside which the organization will be actualized. Where the working condition can be transformed to be increasingly helpful for the objectives of PPP, this ought to be practiced. Where components of the working setting can't be changed, the PPP configuration must be custom fitted to suit existing conditions. To be fruitful, PPP must be based upon a division indicative that gives a sensible appraisal of the current segment requirements. In particular, the segment indicative will cover: (1) specialized issues; (2) legitimate, administrative, and strategy structures; (3) Institutional and limit status; and (4) Commercial, money related, and monetary issues. Destinations of PPP The prime target of government in utilizing PPP is to accomplish improved an incentive for cash, or improved administrations for a similar measure of cash as the open part would spend. Other than that, other target is craving to give expanded foundation arrangement and administrations inside forced budgetary imperatives by using private wellsprings of fund, if conceivable, through reeling sheet structures or to quicken conveyance of undertakings which may somehow must be deferred. The Main Principles of PPP According(Agency 2012) in Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) of Road Project, the fundamental standards of PPP are: a. Move of Risk The hazard distribution between each partner must be all around educated in this manner each gathering both government and private realize each hazard on organizing of cost street improvement, for example, structure, development and activity/upkeep, including financing of its undertaking. b. Incentive for Money The legislature has position to decide the conservative and monetary of undertaking, in utilizing government cash and private cash or mix them two. c. Administrative Responsibility Private area have capacity and obligation to oversee, work and keep up of street venture d. Installment for Service For street venture that full financed by government, the organizing of street improvement is completed by Private Sector. The Government has power to manage and screen each progress of its arranging. Government will pay the private part dependent on execution of venture and has option to end venture on the off chance that it is required. e. Association The administration and private are resolved to coordinate by and by to get productive and viable outcome. f. Private-area Innovation By understanding danger factors in street venture, the private area has utilized advancement for effectiveness of street improvement organizing. The Private Sector idea empowers a profitable organization between people in general and private parts, by utilizing private capital and business mastery to support beginning development and long haul upkeep of Private Sector streets in activity year. Speculation Concept As to (1994) venture choices concerning long haul plan for the utilization of (capital planning) comprise of six arranging process: (1) distinguishing proof stage, picking sort of speculation appropriate with authoritative goal, (2) search stage, looking for elective speculation capital that can meet the hierarchical objectives, (3) data procurement stage, looking through information and subjective and quantitative investigation of different elective speculation capital, (4) determination stage, picking one capital ventures dependent on money related examination by the technique: limited income ( net present worth (NPV) and inward pace of return (IRR)), compensation and gathering bookkeeping rate or return, (5) financing stage and (6) usage and control stage. Those all ideas

Comparison on Computation Cost of the Cloud

Correlation on Computation Cost of the Cloud In this section, we list the examination on calculation cost of the cloud for record transfer among †¦ and our plan. Computational Cost Information get to issues in the field of the distributed computing give a decent estimation based execution as referenced along this examination, and thus, the security highlights can be improved utilizing the new proposed model just as a reasonable computational expense. Be that as it may, the proposed convention gives these favorable circumstances and assesses the presentation dependent on computational expense and security prerequisites. The exhibition of our proposed conspire is assessed utilizing the current test in [33] [34] [35] for an assortment of cryptographic activities utilizing MIRACLE [36] in PIV 3 GHZ processor with Windows XP working framework and 512 MB memory. From [33] [34] [35] the relative running time for the tasks we embraced in our proposed plan and we characterize a few terms for the running time counts: Tp= Pairing operation= 20.01 ms Th= Hash function= 3.04 ms Tpm= Pairing-based scalar multiplication= 6.38 ms Tec= ECC-based scalar multiplication= 0.83 ms Different activities: overlooked The accompanying tables outlines the presentation proficiency dependent on running time which is center around client side including information proprietor: Table 1: Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency Phases↠Activities Running time (ms) Key Generation Tec+2Th 6.91 Transfer Tp+Th 23.05 Download (Transformation Key) Tpm 6.38 Complete Tp+ Tpm+Tec+3Th 36.34 The accompanying table shows correlation between [37] [38] and our plan in the significant procedure which is record transfer/download, with document in any size (not influenced) and for one client: Table 2: Comparison of Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency Referencesâ†' Ref [37] Ref [38] Our plan Transfer 872.09 33.24 23.05 Download 400.21 39.25 6.38 All out 1272.30 72.49 29.43 From the above tables we unmistakably can see that our proposed model is increasingly effective and has low running time to be sure. The accompanying figure can improve this examination: Figure 1: Comparison of execution proficiency based running time Security prerequisite In the security parts of our proposed model, we can see that this model can accomplish AC, FR, DC, IG, security prerequisites. Besides, this model give a cost-based proficient plan, yet in addition give a high secure and hearty model against assaults, for example, Anti-agreement, Replay, MITM, and DoS assaults as follows: Against conspiracy attackâ â Some unapproved clients or individuals whose traits don't fulfill the entrance approach, they may likewise attempt to get to the information by plotting along with different clients or even the specialist organization to bargain a few information proprietors security. Our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault due when a client is repudiated, the gathering supervisor refreshes the disavowal list (RL) put away in the cloud with another. Likewise, the gathering director adds a period stamp to the information records and signs, to ensure that the cloud refreshes the information documents.  New DF = sign ts (à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¥ ¸Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ«Å" =(㠢å ¸Ã¢ ¨Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢ ¢,㠰⠝‘æ'(㠰⠝‘â ¢)㠢å ¸Ã¢ © ∀㠰⠝‘â ¢-∈㠰⠝‘†¦Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢ Ã¢ ¿), bunch id, CT ) Replay assault Replay assaults are arrange assaults in which the aggressor sees the discussion between the sender and beneficiary and takes the validated data for example sharing key and afterward contact to the recipient with that key. Also, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault because of impermanent meeting by utilizing timestamp for scrambled information. Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM) Man-in-the-center assault has gotten very mainstream in the SaaS condition. Here the aggressor blocks the correspondence channel built up between authentic clients and changes the correspondence among customer and server without their insight. Also, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault due to encoded characters and the hash work utilized in the term of key age: Disavowal of Service Attack (DOS): Most of the genuine assaults in cloud computing.â Inâ Denialâ ofâ serviceâ attackâ anâ attackerâ preventâ legitimateâ usersâ ofâ serviceâ fromâ usingâ the ideal assets by flood a system or by expending data transmission .So confirmation is have to recognize legitimatedâ clientsâ fromâ maliciousâ clients,â whichâ canâ beâ performedâ throughâ strongâ cryptographic check. In addition, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault because of the customer makes a special HMAC, or hash, per solicitation to the cloud by brushing the solicitation information and hashing that information, alongside his id and sending it as a major aspect of a solicitation. The cloud gets the solicitation and recovers its own remarkable HMAC. The cloud analyzes the two HMACs, and, if theyre equivalent, the customer is trusted and the solicitation is executed. Solicitation | tk+ H(id)  For persuade, we characterize the accompanying terms: Air conditioning: Access control FR: Flexible disavowal DC: Data secrecy IG: Integrity Sym: Symmetric Algorithm CT: Computational expense TS: Timestamp ODBE: RBE: Role based encryption LGS: utilizing bunch signature DBE: dynamic communicate encryption Table 3 Security necessity correlation Referencesâ†' Ref [ 38] Ref [39] Ref [40] Our plan Procedures Sym DBE RBE ABE Highlights Air conditioning, DC Air conditioning, DC Air conditioning Air conditioning, FR, DC, IG Remarks High CT, No TS High CT, No TS High CT, No TS Low CT,TS Hostile to arrangement assault √ Replay assault √ MITM assault √ DoS assault √ É â implies the plan can accomplish the relating objective. All in all and from the above examinations, our plan can accomplish information secrecy, secureâ â get to control, uprightness andâ â adaptable revocation.â For unmistakably observing the upsides of security of our proposed plot, as clarify in table 3, we list a table contrasted and ref [38], ref [39] and ref [40].

How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap

How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap How to Crown a Fantasy Football Winner on the CheapThe true glory of winning your fantasy football league lies in the years worth of bragging rights, so who needs a massive pot anyway?Are you ready for some (fantasy) football?! Yes, football season will be returning soon, which means fantasy football season is returning right about now. As the quarterbacks throw the football around, you and the rest of your league will be tossing around numbers and trades, trying to pull ahead week after week until the season ends and a winner is crowned.But it can get expensive. Online leagues have fees, and you’ll have to drop a pretty penny on wings and beer when everyone gets together to watch the game. And of course, everyone needs to contribute a lot of cash to the pot so you have a treasure trove with which to crown the eventual winner.Or do you?! We spoke to the experts to find out how you can enjoy your fantasy football league without turning your bank account into a fantasy.Stay league l oyal.It might be tempting to join as many leagues as possible. You could draft different players, and then even if you end up flopping in one league, you might still have a chance to compete in one of the other leagues. And even beyond winning, it’s a chance to make even more friends and have even more fun.But it’s also a chance to spend even more money.“Avoid joining multiple (or at least too many) leagues,” advised Colin, of The Colin Card. “The possibility of striking gold tempts many people to join several leagues each season, but more often than not, this simply results in stretching yourself too thin and paying multiple entry fees. Joining fewer (1-2) leagues gives yourself a better chance to juggle the time commitment and minimize your expense.”And that’s pretty much the only advice you can use if you don’t have a hand in planning the league you’re a member of. But you probably do, since you’re probably playing with friends. Or at least, hopefully, people who have a basic respect for your input.Reconsider the fees.One way to cut down the cost of entry fees is to just cut the cost of entry fees. Pretty straightforward!Lower the entry fee and re-weight the payout structure,” suggested Colin. “Most leagues award the top three finishers portions of the total pot. Consider lowering the overall entry fee for your league and re-weighting the payouts such that only the top two finishers get payouts, for example.While there will be fewer winners, the losers (who, by definition, are in the majority) have to pay less, which the winners should manage to stomach since they are earning a higher percentage of the total pot!”And speaking of the pot …Get creative.Traditionally, everyone puts in money to enter the league and the money that isn’t spent on the fees for whatever service you’re using or other expenses are put in the pot that the winner gets. But what if you took a different approach to organizing the prizes and how you manage the league in general?James Stefurak, Founder and Editor of The Invoice Factoring Guide, shared his longtime fantasy football experience with us:“I am going on my 19th season of playing college fantasy football. We take three conferences (we use Big 10/SEC/ACC) which has about the same number of teams as the NFL. We started playing right out of college when rotisserie NFL leagues were just beginning. But we were strictly college football junkies and still are.We started out doing it all completely for free on a spreadsheet we created and tallying the points manually with ESPN box score stats. That got pretty tedious after a while and we switched to Fantrax which charges league commissioners about $100 but they take care of everything. When you break that cost down between 8 teams, it’s manageable.“When we started out of school, the pot was nothingâ€"the last place guy would just have to buy drinks for the other guys at the bar one night and have to wear something silly (bridal veil, fake mustache, a rival jersey, etc). It was just for the fun of it; being able to all go out, watch the games, cheer on our players, and talk trash.I still wish we did it like that but we are now older with kids, etc. Today, the pot is more substantial and is now played almost entirely online with players from different areas, friends of friends, etc. Not the same, but still fun.”Lenny Pappano, co-founder of Draft Sharks (@Draftsharks) offered his own advice for keeping costs down while still offering some fun rewards for the winners and penalties for the losers:“I’ve seen leagues in which the last place team pays for dinner for everyone at the end of the season. Or, conversely, everyone throws in $50 to start the year and the WINNER buys everyone dinner at the end.Another interesting twist is having side bets between teams when they play head-to-head. Winner gets a 6-pack of favorite beer, or the loser has to wear a hat with the winner’s favorite NFL team logo. You†™re really only limited by your imagination.”Now get out there and hit the virtual field! If you want to learn more about saving money, check out these related posts from OppLoans:8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterHow To Save Money on Back to School Supplies4 Simple Ways to Save Money on Your Grocery Billâ€"While Still Eating Healthy!How does  your fantasy football league crown its winner? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsColin is a New York City-based blogger who writes about New York City, travel, and sports. His favorite teams are the New York Giants and Scuderia Ferrari. More of his musings can be found at www.TheColinCard.com.Lenny Pappano is the co-founder of Draftsharks.com (@Draftsharks), co-founder of the World Championship of Fantasy Football, and 2018 Winner of Matthew Berry’s “Game Changer” Award.James Stefurak, CFA is the Founder and Editor of The Invoice Factoring Guide, a web resource provi ding funding information for startups and small businesses. He lives in Melbourne, FL with his wife and four children.

Essay about William Butler Yeats - 2867 Words

William Butler Yeats. William Butler Yeats was the major figure in the cultural revolution which developed from the strong nationalistic movement at the end of the 19th century. He dominated the writings of a generation. He established forms and themes which came to be considered as the norms for writers of his generation. Yeats was a confessional poet - that is to say, that he wrote his poetry directly from his own experiences. He was an idealist, with a purpose. This was to create Art for his own people - the Irish. But in so doing, he experienced considerable frustration and disillusionment. The tension between this ideal, and the reality is the basis of much of his writing. One central theme of his earlier poetry is the contrast†¦show more content†¦In the final stanza, the poets mood of anger and bitterness changes to one of acceptance and resignation. He concludes that these petty minded merchants are so locked into their narrow world of self centred survival, that they are incapable of understanding the motivation and self sacrifice of patriotism. Even if the dead heroes could return and confront the merchants with the extent of their sacrifices, they would be unable to understand or appreciate what they had done. Self interest and materialism reign, idealism is dead and buried. He conc ludes on a weary note of acceptance. But let them be, theyre dead and gone, Theyre with OLeary in the grave. The Fisherman. This poem is also about Art, and the Irish peoples response to it. It is structured around the contrast between the Yeats dream to write for the Irish people, and the reality. The poem opens on a casual conversational note, Although I can see him still introducing us to the Fisherman, a wise and simple man who is the symbol of the Irish nation he had hoped to write for. Yeats has long since accepted that such a man does not exist, but nonetheless he holds on to him as an inspiration to protect himself against the reality. The reality is depicted in a litany of powerful, clever men, who misuse their abilities for their own personal ends - which are chiefly, the acquisition and maintenance of power. Their goal is public acclaim, cynically acquired through a popularity based on the Catch cries of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Butler Yeats846 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats One of Irelands finest writers, William Butler Yeats served a long apprenticeship in the arts before his genius was fully developed. He did some of his greatest work after he was fifty. Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland, on June 13, 1865. His father was a lawyer-turned-Irish painter. In 1867 the family followed him to London and settled in Bedford Park. In 1881 they returned to Dublin, where Yeats studied the Metropolitan School of Art. Yeats spent much time with hisRead More William Butler Yeats Essays1185 Words   |  5 Pages On June 13 1865 William Butler Yeats was born in Dublin Ireland. From the start Yeats had artistic influences, due to the fact that his father Jack Butler Yeats was a noted Irish painter. He had no formal education until he was eleven, at that time he started at the Godolphin Grammar School in Hammer*censored*h England and later he enrolled in Erasmus Smith High School in Dublin. Throughout his schooling he was considered disappointing student, his studies were inconsistent, he was prone to dayRead More William Butler Yeats Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages William Butler Yeats -nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer -nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Known for having intellectual and often obsucure poetry works -nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Quoted to be â€Å"one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century† -nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even Received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923 onbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What was most recognizable about that fact is that he is famous for his lyrical poeticRead MoreWilliam Butler Yeats Ageing Analysis1088 Words   |  5 PagesLiving (Three Messages from Sailing) Who is William Butler Yeats? William Butler Yeats is regarded as one of the finest poets of the century. Also, his return to the past as one would say has helped him to have a place in the future. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and Yeats was educated there and in London as well. The young man was very immersed into the barren mountains, and in the mythology and the legends of Ireland. From the Poetry Foundation stated, â€Å"He belonged to the Protestant, Anglo-IrishRead MoreEssay on The Life of William Butler Yeats945 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats is a famous Irish poet, yet as a student he did not do so well in his Math and English course. During his education, it was known that he did remarkably poor in mathematics and language as student. Is that surprising that a well-known poet, such as William, to be a poet if he did not do well in language? As being a famous poet for what he is known for now, one must expect that he would succeed well in just category. However , not everyone success was built on success. The lifeRead MoreThe Style and Content of William Butler Yeats2176 Words   |  9 PagesThe Style and Content of William Butler Yeats William Butler Yeats was a man who is known for his extraordinary writings of the nineteenth century, and is considered to be one of the greatest poets of the English language. Yeats was a poet with extensive knowledge and was thought to have been born ahead of his time. Throughout his poetry and literary works he uses a combination of technique and style to express his meaningful ideas. Yeats became a pioneering poet who had a revolutionary type ofRead MoreWilliam Butler Yeats The Second Coming1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Butler Yeats The Second Coming, the poet makes phrases such as; â€Å"the best lack of conviction of stony sleep (19) and the falcon cannot hear the falconer (2). 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However, the minority Yeats belonged to belongedRead More William Butler Yeats’ The Magi Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats’ The Magi   Ã‚  Ã‚   Briefly stated, William Butler Yeats’ The Magi is a poem about people who, upon reaching old age, or perhaps just older age, turn to God and the spiritual world for fulfillment and happiness. We are told in the footnote to this poem that, after writing The Dolls, Yeats looked up into the blue sky and imagined that he could see stiff figures in procession. Perhaps after imagining these figures, Yeats debated within himself whom these pictures could representRead MoreWilliam Butler Yeats And His Life1810 Words   |  8 PagesWho knows when a Nobel Prize would have been given to an Irish man if it had not been for William Butler Yeats? William Butler Yeats is a great figure in the history of Irish poetry and playwriting. He wrote many poems and plays throughout his entire life. He was a very modernist man and many of his poems were based on this, they were ahead of his time beautiful and inspiring. What was behind William Butler Yeats success, and what phases did he have to go through to get there. This man has influenced

The 15 Basic Carnivore Families

Critical Essay on “Annals of Labor Nobodies” Free Essays

John Bowe’s â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies† is a very ugly article describing the virtual slavery of agricultural workers. Reminiscent of public attitude toward and awareness of domestic abuse and pedophilia in most of the Twentieth Century, modern slavery is buried deep in a cesspool of ignorance, apathy and denial. Those at the â€Å"top of the heap† are protected by â€Å"buffer layers† and deniability. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Essay on â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fear and brutality are tools employed to maintain the silence. Resources and alternatives for victims are scarce or nonexistent. These are among the themes presented by Boles in his review of dirty secret of one of America’s largest industries, fresh produce production; while he presents a little hope, the situation will continue to exist. South Florida is one of the nation’s greatest citrus and tomato production areas and â€Å"ground zero for modern slavery† (Bowe, 3). Bowe describes the plight of the undocumented Mexican and Central American workers from the time of departure from their homes to their arrival in South Florida. It is a story of an â€Å"opportunity† to terrific homeland poverty which can be worse than what they left. Workers are conned and exploited throughout their journey, paying exorbitant sums to every one in the vicious chain. They are so impoverished and terrified that slave labor is their only option. As a Border Patrol agent remarked â€Å"They’re controllable. There’s no escape† (s). There has been a great deal of consolidation of the produce farms as well as their huge customers. There are many familiar names in the food chain: ConAgra, Cargill, Tropicana, Minute Maid, Coke, Pepsi and Taco Bell. All claim a â€Å"hands off† to the issue of slave labor picking their tomatoes and oranges. The industry has long enjoyed special status exempting it from many labor laws, including overtime pay, workers’ compensation and the right to organize. Unfortunately although the price of the produce may increase, the price of labor decreases due to the large pool of workers coming from Mexico and Central America. In 2000 the Trafficking Victims Act was made into law; unfortunately the usual congressional deal-making resulted in exempting everyone except the labor contractors from fines and imprisonment. The cases are difficult to make. Victims and witnesses are too terrified to testify. Even if they were willing and able to testify their migratory work patterns make them difficult to find. As usual the blanket of â€Å"limited resources† in law enforcement as well as state and federal prosecution offices is used but not believed. Paraphrasing one anonymous laborer, they and their plight is virtually invisible to the outside world. Slow change is coming about and with it a shred of hope for those enslaved. Legal and social service agencies are starting to reach this dark world, and loose coalitions of workers are growing. According to one former tomato picker â€Å"change won’t come from Washington or from the lawyers. It will come from people in the field. If you change people’s consciousness, the people themselves will take care of it† (6).   He is right, of course, and the hope is if change won’t come from Washington and the lawyers, at least they will be an ally and not an impediment. After the sentencing of convicted human traffickers the federal trial judge mentioned to the U.S. Attorneys prosecuting the case that they should not exhaust the â€Å"limited resources† prosecuting low-level thugs and enforcers. The judge, likely mindful of the powerful federal conspiracy laws, stated â€Å"others at a higher level of the fruit picking industry seem complicit in one way or another with how these activities occur† (11). References Bowe, John. â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies†. April 21, 2003.       How to cite Critical Essay on â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies†, Essay examples

Leadership of Graeme Hart Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style of Graeme Hart. Answer: Leadership holds a different meaning in different scenarios. In general terms leadership can be defined as the process in which an individual influences the behaviour of the group to achieve a common goal (Northouse2015). According to the literature present on leadership it is evident that leadership theories have evolved over the time but none of them is completely. The reasons responsible for the changes in leadership concept are situations, working environment, cultures, new laws, growing organisational complexities, context, psycho- social development and information overload (Nawaz Khan, 2016).Every leader has its unique style of leadership. Style of every leader is guided by some or the other leadership theory. Hart is the kind of person who has not given any interview to press of New Zealand in about a decade. He has a family of 4 including a wife and two children. He can be termed as self-made man. Today, Graeme Hart is the richest New Zealand's richest person listed in the Forbes magazine (NZ Herald, 2017). He usually acquires underperforming businesses that manufactures everyday products like water bottles, milk bottles, foils and paper (Forbes, 2017). He is the owner of Rank Group Investments Ltd., Carter Holt Harvey Ltd. and Reynolds Group Holdings Ltd (Bloomberg, 2016). He is the kind of person who generally prefers to stay away from the lime light. He does not like to make frequent public appearances. He is a leveraged buyout investor who does not prefer to share the risk as well as the returns with shareholders. He solely takes the responsibility of risks and rewards. Further discussion will include detailed analyses of the leadership style of Graeme Hart (Hunt, 2010). Leadership style of Hart can be linked to various theories of leadership. He can be termed as a narcissistic leader. It is kind of leadership where the leader keeps his needs at first priority. He acts dominant, arrogant and hostile (Braun, 2017).The research shows that these types of leaders have both positive and negative impact on the organisation. Some leaders from the history such as Napoleon, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi displayed this type of leadership. This factor can also be seen in the leadership style of Hart as he himself takes the control of the situations. He does not like to share risks or rewards with the stake holders. He usually invests in projects which lack leadership and emerges as the leader for those. These leaders are perceived to be skilled orators and creative strategist. The problem with such type of leaders is that they lack empathy and are poor listeners. Most of the leaders belonging to this category provide negative results because they are always involved in controlling others. The results can be positive if the leaders work for themselves (Maccoby, 2004). The leadership style of Graeme Hart also has the resemblance with the transformational theory of leadership. This theory explains how leaders of that particular style affect the organisational performance. This is a style characterised by motivating the followers or subordinates to achieve something extraordinary. He has few characteristics of transformational leadership but his style cannot be regarded entirely as transformational style leadership. The basic qualities that of a transformational leader that hart possess are always willing to take right risk, capable enough to take difficult decisions, self-management, internal motivation, proactive in nature and he has the ability to set the goals of his organisation concise and realistic. His style of leadership cannot be completely termed as transformational because he does not have the characteristic of sharing organisational consciousness, not a very active listener and sometimes he fails keep his ego on check. Another style which can relate to the leadership style of Graeme Hart is Charismatic leadership. The word charisma describes the special or extraordinary gift that is possessed by only few individuals (Northouse, 2012). This style basically relies on two factors charm and persuasiveness. Charismatic leaders carry a powerful personality that attracts followers. They possess some extraordinary qualities that are difficult to pin down and inspire other to work. They do exert any kind of undue pressure on the followers but their self-image carries the charm that automatically attracts the followers. This concept involves three basic elements vision or vision, extraordinary qualities and recognition (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013). As charisma is also an important element of transformational leadership therefore both transformation and charismatic styles are related to each other and also share some common characteristics. Major qualities or characteristics of charismatic leader are visionar y, ability to inspire the trust, excellent communication skills, full or energy and enthusiasm, tactful in dealing different situations, action oriented and have the ability to make the followers feel capable (Dubrin, 2015).Graeme Hart possess an effective blend of all these characteristics. Therefore his style can be attributed as charismatic and outspoken. Based on the analysis of leadership style of Hart, trait theory can be applied to explain him better as a leader. Trait theory states that individual is a leader because of certain characteristic that he / she possess, these characteristic may be inborn or developed over the time. There is a set of certain intellectual, physical and intellectual traits that draws the difference between leaders and non-leaders. According to this theory the personnel characteristics of leader are major source of leadership success. It can be seen in the life of Graeme that he was not an inborn leader. After school he worked as panel beater and tow truck driver. Experience of various fields helped him to acquire certain characteristics. His MBA degree from Otego University also helped him to develop his leadership traits. The distinguishing characteristics of Hart that helped him to succeed as the leader are cleverness, tactful, conceptually skilled, decisive, risk taking ability, alert to external envi ronment, persuasive, self-confident and dominant. The key characteristic of Hart is that he takes the responsibility of his decisions. He proactively takes the risk and also does not make anyone liable for negative outcomes. At the same time he does not shares the rewards with others for the risk that he has taken. Leadership and management are two related but different concepts. There is a thin line of difference between a leader and manger. Some common differences between them are discussed here. Leaders have a unique personality whereas mangers do not have this kind of personality. Managers try to mimic the style and behaviours of others. Leaders do not try to fit into others shoes they have their own style whereas mangers display the learned behaviours. Leaders are innovative an act as agents that bring changes. Managers work within the set procedures rules and regulations. Leaders try out change if it doesnt works; managers are consistent only with the best practices that work. Leader creates a vision for followers to pursue whereas managers set goals for employees to achieve. Leaders inspire the followers to work towards a vision. They work to turnout vision to reality. The want their followers to be part of something bigger and extraordinary. Leaders realise that working in teams for com mon vision can bring results as compares to individuals striving for personal objectives. Manager does not set long term visions they focus on setting goals for short terms. They measure the employee performance through those goals and objectives. Leaders are risk takers whereas mangers are often regarded as risk takers and mangers are regarded as controllers of risk. Leaders are always willing to take risk even if it leads to failure. They believe failure as stepping stone for success. Managers do not believe in taking risk, they always work to minimise risk. They tend to control or avoid the risk or problems rather than embracing them. There is broad difference between thinking process of leaders and managers. Managers think from a narrow perspective whereas leaders think from the broad and long term perspective. Leaders are motivated towards achieving long terms goals. Managers need rewards or acknowledgements at regular intervals, for maintaining motivation towards the goal. Lea ders are the one who build a kind of relationship with people whereas managers build process and systems for the people (Arruda, 2016). From the above stated differences it is clear that leader and manger are different from each other in various aspects. Now the question arises that whether a good leader can be good manger or not. G of Graeme Hart is a good leader but does he have the managerial efficiency. Being a good manger and a good leader both are different things but to take organisation to the heights both are required good leadership and good management as well. To be successful in long run an individual must have the passion to make improvements to the organisation and must be capable enough to drive the efforts towards the final stage (Sriperambuduru, 2014). It is usually possible that a good leader can turn a good manager but opposite is not possible. Hart is good leader but not a good manager. According to an article of Forbes magazine both leadership and management require different skills. There are very few people who have mastered both the arts. It is okay for the leaders, not to be good managers. Le aders just need to realise the importance of the good management in the organisation. They just need to assign value to the discipline of management (Clark, 2013). Hart himself is good leader and has realised that the importance of the good management. He has professionals for the management in the same way like accounting, marketing, production etc. He takes the major decisions himself, takes risk and bring about changes. But those changes and decisions are supported by framework of policies and practices taken by the management. It is evident from researches that having bad manger can cost so much for an organisation. Having too many managers is also harmful for the organisation. Therefore it is important for the organisation to maintain the equilibrium in quantity and quality of managers (Beck and Harter, 2014). Hart is a good leader and well aware about the kind and mangers that he needs to keep in the organisation. Harts executive team is small in size and includes skilled tal ented people. Hart does not let his managerial inefficiency affect the organisation in any way. His leadership capabilities take edge of the managerial inefficiency. It can be concluded that that Graeme Hart is the inspiration to many. He is a self-made man and reached to the position of richest man with continuous hard work and efforts. His leadership style can be linked to narcissistic style, transformational style and charismatic style. He is a private person does not public appearances. He is the one who always keeps his needs and perspectives at the first priority. His style can also be termed as transformational or charismatic because he has the ability to motivate the followers. He masters the art of communication. He is a risk taker and decision maker. He has that charm in his personality that inspires others to take actions. Trait theory of leadership can be applied to the context of Hart. He was not an inborn leader. His leadership skills developed over time while working with the major leadership traits or qualities are cleverness, tactful, conceptually skilled, decisive, risk taking ability, alert to external environment, persuasive, self-confident and dominant. It is clear that leadership of Harr cannot be questioned. But when it comes of his efficiency as a manager the things are different. Manger and leader both are different terms. There are varieties of differences among them. Thus both of them require different skillset. In various cases it is seen that good leaders are not mangers. Hart lacks managerial capabilities but does not ignore the importance and need for good management in the organisation. He has a team of talented management executives to perform the management task. He keeps the major decision making concentrated to his hands but the task of following and implementing those decisions to the management. His leadership abilities takes edge over managerial in efficiencies. References Arruda, W. (2016). 9 Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager. The Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2016/11/15/9-differences-between-being-a-leader-and-a-manager/#78c42d6c4609 Avolio, B. J. and Yammarino, F. J. (2013). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead. Emerald Group Publishing Beck, R. and Harter, J. 2014. Why Good Managers Are So Rare. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2014/03/why-good-managers-are-so-rare Bloomberg, (2017). Company Overview of Carter Holt Harvey Limited. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=8683263privcapId=875316 Braun, S. (2017). Leader Narcissism and Outcomes in Organizations: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis and Implications for Future Research. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437163/ Clark, D. (2013). Why Great Leaders Make Bad Managers - and That's OK. The Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorieclark/2013/01/10/why-great-leaders-make-bad-managers-and-thats-ok/#31dedbac69cc Dubrin, A. J. (2015). Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Cengage Learning Forbes, (2017). Graeme Hart. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/profile/graeme-hart/ Hunt, G. (2010). Lord of the deals. Retrieved from https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener-nz-2010/lord-of-the-deals/ Maccoby, M. (2004). Narcissistic Leaders: The Incredible Pros, the Inevitable Cons. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2004/01/narcissistic-leaders-the-incredible-pros-the-inevitable-cons Nawaz, Z. A. K. D. A., Khan_PhD, I. (2016). Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review.Leadership,16. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Northouse, P.G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications NZ Herald, (2017). Billionaire Graeme Hart has climbed the rankings of Forbes magazine's richest people in the world. Retrieved from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11822168 Sriperambuduru, M. R. (2014). Can one be a good leader without being a good Manager?. Retrieved from https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/115791/can-one-be-a-good-leader-without-being-a-good-manager-please-share-your-valuable-comments/

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Had An Interesting Ethical System For Reason

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system for reasoning. It is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant's eyes reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the right reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise. You must have a duty code inside of you or it will not come through in your actions otherwise. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law. Therefore, before proceeding to act, you must decide what rule you would be following if you were to act, whether you are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. If you are willing to universalize the act, it must be moral; if you are not, then the act is morally impermissible. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. Therefore, it is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory. Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it must be not moral in all situations. Kant believes killing could never be universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such as self-defense. The act is either wrong or right, based on his universality law. For example, giving money to a beggar just to get him to leave you alone would be judged not moral by Kant because it was done for the wrong reason. With Kant's belief in mind; if the consequence of immoral behavior were dealt with in a legal structure, people would be prosecuted for EVERYTHING since there are no extenuating circumstances. Kant's categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought:(1) So act that the maxim of your will could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law.(2) Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.'(3) Act according to the maxims if a universally legislative member of a merely potential kingdom of ends. In other words, Kant argues that particular action requires conscious thought of the rule governing the action. Whether if everyone should follow that rule, and if the rule is acceptable for universal action, it should be adopted. If the rule is unacceptable, then it should be rejected. In order to understand whether or not an action follows Kant's categorical imperative, w e must prescribe those norms that we wish to be universal laws. These norms are created through value judgments based on issues of justice between persons or groups (nations, etc.) of persons. Kant's theories discuss the ethical questions that determine impartial consideration of conflicting interest in issues of justice. Kant also states that because we must believe that all things develop to their fullest capacity, then we can theorize in summary, through cognitive processes we can create communities, based on moral (ethical) action towards every person, thereby creating universal ethics throughout the community or republic. With that in mind, it appears that Kant makes statements that assume all people within like republics can achieve a level of cognition equal to one another, for without that equanimity of cognition and judgment, then the conflict issues cannot be rationalized through creation of universal law. The statement that all people can achieve a similar level of cognition

The eNotes Blog I Celebrate Myself, and Sing Myself 200 Years of WaltWhitman

I Celebrate Myself, and Sing Myself 200 Years of WaltWhitman American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892) was born two-hundred years ago today. Alongside Emily Dickinson, Whitman is probably the most influential poet in American history. As Dickinson discovered new possibilities in concision, density, and depth of linguistic meaning, Whitman explored expansive new vistas in structure and subject matter. He composed long lines to devour every topic under the sun- and then some. His poetic project took the appropriate form of a single ever-expanding book, Leaves of Grass, which he first published in 1855 and then altered and augmented until his death nearly four decades later. Whitman is difficult to classify as a poet because he constantly resisted definitions and boundaries. Was he a poet of the personal lyric? Sometimes. A political poet? At other times, yes. A war poet? Undoubtedly. A poet of metaphysics? When the urge struck him. A sensual poet? Often. An early passage from Leaves of Grass, drawn from the annunciatory poem â€Å"Starting from Paumanok,† illustrates Whitman’s tendency to gather every sphere of human interest: Victory, union, faith, identity, time, The indissoluble compacts, riches, mystery, Eternal progress, the kosmos, and the modern reports. This then is life, Here is what has come to the surface after so many throes and convulsions. This stanza illustrates Whitman’s signature approach to both substance and style. Rather than training his lens on a single detail or image, as Dickinson would, Whitman draws a circle around, well, everything. In his world, the grand and timeless rubs shoulders with the local and immediate: â€Å"the kosmos, and the modern reports,† as he puts it. His fluid but controlled verse style expresses the character of his thoughts. Three lines of pentameter list off the subjects of life, followed by the terse, breathless dimeter of â€Å"This then is life† and finally concluded by the elongated octameter of the last line. The range of his mind resounds in the rhythmic range of his lines. Whitman’s contribution is key to understanding the last century of poetry, both in the United States and abroad. He unbuttoned the strictures of formal poetry, allowing his language to unfurl in flowing free verse. Ever since, countless poets have walked in his path, opting for free verse and the versatility it affords. Whitman also gave the United States its national epic in Leaves of Grass, whose ethos of expansiveness and inclusivity and democracy reflects the best values of the young nation. Consider this passage from the poem â€Å"Our Old Feuillage,† a dizzying geographic tour through the United States: O lands! all so dear to me- what you are, (whatever it is,) I putting it at random in these songs, become a part of that, whatever it is, Southward there, I screaming, with wings slow flapping, with the myriads of gulls wintering along the coasts of Florida, Otherways there atwixt the banks of the Arkansaw, the Rio Grande, the Nueces, the Brazos, the Tombigbee, the Red River, the Saskatchawan or the Osage, I with the spring waters laughing and skipping and running, Northward, on the sands, on some shallow bay of Paumanok, I with parties of snowy herons wading in the wet to seek worms and aquatic plants†¦ Whitman’s charm here lies in his combination of the vast and grand (â€Å"O lands!†) with the minute and matter-of-fact (â€Å"snowy herons wading in the wet†). This passage also shows the full breath of Whitman’s lines, which can reach the scale of paragraphs. Finally, these lines reveal that Whitman is fundamentally a poet of praise. His work gravitates towards all that is beautiful and awe-inspiring about the experience of life. His great power is to find the words, phrases, and lines which evoke beauty and awe in us. On that note, we’ll end with one of Whitman’s masterpieces, â€Å"When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer†: When I heard the learn’d astronomer, When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me, When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them, When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander’d off by myself, In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time, Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars.

Business strategy, leadership, and management Research Paper

Business strategy, leadership, and management - Research Paper Example Despite the stiff competition that the business is facing in the market, the management is trying to achieve a strong brand loyalty as well as increased number of consumers. The creation of strong positive product customer relationship will ensure that the business attains its goals. The management also aims at achieving a success by creating strong relationship between itself and the employees by holding annual social events including parties and seminars. In this way, the employees will work towards the achievement of their goals as well as those of the business. The managing director will be in charge of making vital policies that are related to all the departments of the business. The departmental managers on the other hand will be in charge of ensuring that all the policies initiated by the managing director are implemented in their departments. Their duties will also include evaluation of the employees working in their departments. ... will be responsible for releasing salaries and other monetary benefits as well as forming linkage with the financial institutions to ensure easier accessibility of funds. The decision-making process will be all involving including the managing director, managers, sales executives and the employees (Thareja, 2008). The managing director will be in charge of all meetings while the employees will be given opportunity to give feedback that will be used by managers to evaluate the effectiveness of their communication skills and policies. Manager’s skills Degree or higher national diploma in business management or commerce The human resources manager will have a degree in human resources management The finance manager will require a degree in commerce (Finance option) and CPA qualifications The sales manager will be required to posses a degree in marketing All the individuals in the managerial position will be required to be computer literate with 2 years experience at the same posi tion as well as good communication skills Organizational structure The business will ensure the children will not destroy the natural vegetation during their games since they will be busy playing with the video games thus resulting to environmental conservation. Through the production of the video games that depict social interaction among the members of the society, the children will be modeled to become responsible adults who will not be engaged in social crimes. One of the key human policies that the business will adopt is offering of in-house training of the existing employees. Based on the current challenges that marketers are meeting in the market, the sales manager will have a chance to be holding two meeting per month with his sales team in order to train them on how to market our

Law and Bioethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law and Bioethics - Term Paper Example Findings The findings proceeding from the interview show clearly that the roles that bioethics committee dispense are very sacrosanct to the issuance of healthcare services and attention. Attending the meeting and carrying out the interview underscored the many roles that these committees meet. One of the functions that bioethics committees play is case review. Particularly, bioethics committees observe both spontaneous and regular meetings in order to provide a forum for analyzing ethical questions which emanate from treatment of patients. This is especially the case when ethical questions concerning appropriate care for patients with diminished capacity to make decisions concerning the healthcare services being discharged arise. In this light, bioethics committees may try to give counsel and support to healthcare professionals and providers, the patient, family members of the patients and surrogates. Specifically, a bioethics committee will carry out a case review when there is a s erious ethical perplexity or ambiguity, in which the case review will help provide an answer to the complex ethical dilemma. Case reviews may also be carried out by the committee when a decision that involves the withdrawal of life-supporting treatment and facilities is imminent. This is specifically the case when the treatment or the patient’s medical condition is not explicitly stated in healthcare policies and procedures. Case studies may also be done in instances where there is a disagreement on an ethical aspect surrounding the patient’s care, between healthcare providers on one hand and the patient and their families on the other hand. It is important to take stock of the fact that in respect to case review, the chief role of the committee is not to act as a decision-making organ, but as an organ that assists and accords support to the responsible party. Just as Dzur (2002) divulges, Bioethics committees also liaise with hospital administration, different departm ents and divisions of the hospital and the medical and nursing staff, in order to carry out educational programs or initiatives. In this case, clinical ethics is the most taught subject. Thus, bioethics committees help others also carry out lectures, workshop programs, seminars, in-service programs and rounds in clinical ethics. Providing participants with knowledge on ethical principles, concepts and language needed to tackle ethical aspects of contemporary medical or hospital practice stands as one of the most salient feature of this educational effort. From the interview and the meeting attendance, it also became clear that the committee also plays a pivotal role in reviewing and developing hospital policy. Specifically, the committee helps the professional staff to develop procedures and policies on recurrent ethical matters, problems and questions. These problems and questions mainly touch on recurrent ethical matters and ethical dilemma which arise as patients are being accord ed healthcare services. In order to dispense this role, the committee may have to issue an analysis of existing ethical matters or proposed policies. The committee may also have to help develop new institutional or organizational policies in important areas. It also emerged clearly that one of the factors that propels the effectiveness of a bioethics committe

Van Goghs Starry Night: Analysis

Van Goghs Starry Night: Analysis Introduction â€Å"Starry Night† is one of the most popular canvasesin modern-day philosophy along with being one of the most simulated and pursued after images. This painting was done by Vincent van Gogh when he was at an asylum in Saint-Remy in 1889.It is said that this painting is a view out of Van Gogh’s asylum window. The painting shows swirling clouds in a starry night and a bright crescent moon, overlooking perhaps a village. This shows a contrast between the bright night sky and the silence of the village which is supposed to be Van Gogh’s hometown Netherland. The painting also consists of a cypress tree which is typically found in graveyards . This might have something to do with the artist’s perception of the inevitability of death and how close it is on Earth. Starry Night is just one example of Vincent Van Gogh’s numerous painting which show night life, from which it can be presumed that the artist loved night time. Vincent van Goghs art is generally observed by criticizers as Early Post-Impressionism. The artist was inspired by the innovative ideas of Paul Gauguin and Camille Pissarro, and wanted to bring out something innovative of his own because their works were being called repetitive and limiting. In his asylum, Vincent van Gogh was not allowed to paint in his room on the second floor. He was given a separate room and some charcoal and paper on which he used to do his work and then improve it later. Van Gogh used to write about his painting to his brother however, there does not exist a particular reason for the creation of this painting as the artist only wrote about Starry Nights twice. A letter to his brother contained the following words: â€Å"This morning I saw the country from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big,† This is a very vague statement regarding the painting, hence the reason for its creation remains unknown. I, as a night lover myself, feel very strongly about the painting Starry Nights. The imagery of clouds painted in a swirling motion create a magnificent affect and brings out the beauty of the night which can only be seen from the eyes of a true lover of night time. I am particularly impressed by the unique use of colors in the painting. Which most people’s perception of the color of stars would be white, Van Gogh has painted them a bright yellow, and yet they appear to be a beautiful shining sight. 2. Body Vincent van Gogh was going through a serious medical condition at the time he painted Starry Nights. This might be one of the reasons why his brush strokes are very thick and prominent in the painting, which give a sever sense of drama in the painting. His brush strokes have an unrelenting rhythm, which creates the illusion of the image being in motion. Moreover there is a certain consistency in his procedure that adds extra depth to the work. The most prominent shapes in the painting are of the circular motion in which the stars and the clouds are portrayed. Normally, clouds are never given the shape of circles in painting but in Starry Nights, Van Gogh has shown them as swirling clouds forming a perfect circle and appear to be in motion. The stars are also painted in a circular form, rather than the typical pointed star form. This results in the painting looking consistent as the stars and the clouds are both circular shapes. The main sources of light in the picture are the luminous stars and the hemispherical moon. It is evident that the artist had a passion for night life, as the painting shows a silent village resting underneath a dominant sky. All the light sources are present in the sky as compared to in the village at the bottom. The darkness is reflected in the village at the bottom half of the painting. It represents how gloomy the world looks as compared to the bright night sky. Moreover the cypress tree is also a dark figure in the painting. As cypress trees are mostly found in cemeteries, this element of the painting is meant to show a connection between life and death and how close they are. Hence this is one of the darker elements of the painting. In Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Nights, there is a dominance of the color blue which is visible in the sky as well as in the village shown in the bottom of the picture. The artist’s strange use of colors is sometimes associated with his medical condition, perhaps he might have been a patient of lead poisoning or a kind of brain disease. Van Gogh’s use of yellow and white to represent the stars draws the viewer’s attention to the sky. Perpendicular lines for example the cypress tree and church tower gently disintegrate the structure without withdrawing from the influential nighttime atmosphere illustrated in Starry Night. The reflection of the moon is shown by streaks of dark blue and greens, complemented with a touch of mint green. The houses of the village in the painting are small blocks of greens, oranges and yellows with a hint of red towards the left of the church. The bright blue colors of the sky are carefully balanced by the orange of some of the elem ents of the night sky. The rich colors used in Starry Nights are used to portray emotions and show the real love of night time of Van Gogh. Starry Nights was created in June 1889. It is made on a canvas of height 73.7 cm and length 92.10 cm. Oil paints have been used for this painting. Starry Nights can be characterized as a landscape painting as its main focus is the natural element the sky. This oil painting is framed and is currently owned by and displayed in New York in the Museum of Modern Art. One of the various interpretations of Starry Nights by Van Gogh is that it is a depiction of hope. Van Gogh has shown that even in such a dark night, the sky is illuminated by the bright shining stars, which can be seen as a ray of hope from the silent village underneath. The sky is filled with shining stars that show that even in complete darkness, there is a light to guide you. Van Gogh had been severely sick at the time he made this painting. We can assume from his work that he was at last being treated of his sickness and he saw a hope of a new life, which he so masterfully illustrated in his painting. Also, the cypress tree shows that he knows death is inevitable but when it does come, it will give him eternal peace. Van Gogh mentioned the painting to his brother in a letter, in the following words: I should not be surprised if you liked the Starry Night and the Ploughed Fields, there is a greater quiet about them than in the other canvases. Later in the same letter, Vincent van Gogh referred to a book by Leo Tolstoy â€Å"My Religion† and talked about its lack of belief in resurrection. This shows how Van Gogh was at war with himself regarding the topic; he could neither accept that death was coming, nor was he able to completely forget about it. Concluding, it can be said that the night sky made him feel at peace with himself and calmed his heart. (Artble, 2014) Conclusion: It can be concluded from the analysis that Vincent van Gogh was a nighttime lover and saw the inner beauty in the night sky which people usually overlook. He has communicated from the painting that night time is not just about darkness; it can sometimes be so illuminating and can contain a ray of hope which leaves the worldly things looking dark and dull in its comparison. The painting also contains a link between life and death which is present there due to the artist’s ill health and his knowledge about death being inevitable. Though he was not looking forward to it, he had accepted the idea that death might be coming soon and he would eventually have to come to terms with it. http://www.artble.com/artists/vincent_van_gogh/paintings/starry_night/more_information/analysis

Trent Lott

Trent Lott, senior senator from the state of Mississippi, is one of the foremost figures in the United States Senate and one of the most recognizable figures in all of politics. This recognition comes from the stances which he has taken, the fact that he has been a formidable figure in the Senate for many years, the fact that he was the Majority Leader in the Senate for the Republicans from 1996 until 2001 as well as controversial comments which he made in 2002 and which brought back a great deal of resentment as well as a reminder of the history of racial conflict that the United States and especially the South endured in America’s history. Despite this, Trent Lott is still a highly respected member of the United States senate and at a time when the approval rating of Congress is currently at a dismal 14%, for many in Mississippi, he represents one of the very few bright spots in all of Congress.(Page, 2002 pg. A14) He has maintained a strict party line when voting but has not been afraid to vote against his party when the time and circumstance called for him to do so. Despite being raised as a Southern Democrat, Lott, feeling that his beliefs were more in tune with the Republican Party, joined the party and has been a strong Republican ever since. Those Americans consider themselves republicans because they believe in strong faith and family values, the sanctity of human life and marriage and the rule of law as it applies to limited government, find comfort in Trent Lott. Those who disagree with Republicanism and/or Trent Lott on the majority of his issues, can also rely upon the fact that he will always respect the other side of the debate and will not resort to underhanded tactics in order to win. At a time when less people have a favorable opinion of Congress than in all of American History, such people serve as a breath of fresh air for all those who are interested in politics and how it will reshape the landscape and the future of the country. Trent Lott was born in Grenada Mississippi on October 8, 1941. His father Chester was a shipyard worker and his mother was a teacher. Trent Lott started from humble beginnings but soon rose in the social and political ranks of the state to establish himself as one who was not going to spend his entire life in Mississippi, though he would be hard pressed to forget where he came from and the people and places which helped to establish the man who is Trent Lott. Trent Lott was introduced to a more social life when he was attending the University of Mississippi where he earned a degree in public administration in 1965 and a law degree in 1967. (Mercurio, 2002) After he graduated, he moved to Pascagoula where he opened up a law practice and still lives to this day. It was also during this time that Lott began his life in politics. He served as an assistant to the House Rules Committee chairman William Colmer from 1968 until 1972. ( Smith 2005) Despite the fact that Colmer, for the past forty years, was one of the leading segregationists of the state, he still endorsed Lott as one capable of replacing him when Colmer retired. Despite the fact that Lott ran as a Republican; a party which had not had much success in the South since the beginning of the Civil War, Lott was by a landslide. People could see beyond the labels which all too often seem to identify everything there is to know about a candidate. However, there were other factions involved during this time which helped Lott gain the seat that was vacated by Colmer. During the 1960’s especially after the 1965 Civil Rights Bill, there appeared cracks in the solid Democratic South that was so apparent in the decades before. The Democratic Party was losing converts to its cause left and right and more and more people were willing to vote on the Republican ticket. In the 1964 Presidential Election, despite the fact that Barry Goldwater was routed by President Johnson, Goldwater, Senator from Arizona won 87% of the popular vote of Mississippi. ( Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was on the cusp of this political change and he was going to make the most of it for himself and the legacy which he sought to create in politics. The only question was where Trent Lott was going to end up and how far his aspirations and the people of Mississippi were willing to take him. During the 1970’s, a time when the South and Mississippi was lending most of its support to Republican candidates, Trent Lott was enjoying the success that his adopted party was giving him. That, coupled with the people of Mississippi and their ability to relate to   somebody in politics who still seemed approachable, Lott   became in 1974, the first Republican to get reelected from the state of Mississippi since the end of Reconstruction in 1877. (Page 2002 pg A14) Lott would be re-elected six more times and won easily. In 1978 he even ran unopposed since Lott had established himself so strongly in this part of the country. It was becoming apparent that Trent Lott was going to be in Congress for some time to come. It was also during this time in the 1980’s that Lott served as the House Majority Whip for the Republican Party from 1981 until 1989. (Smith, 2005)   In doing so, he was the first southern Republican to hold such an office. The Republican Party was becoming a strong hold for the South and so too was Trent Lott. It was now time for Trent Lott to rise in his political career. The Senate seemed like the next logical answer. The House of Representatives has 435 members and the number of representatives which each state sends to Congress is directly based upon the population of that particular state. Mississippi had a number of representatives like Trent Lott which were expected to represent the state. In the Senate, only two members from each state, regardless of how populated the state is, are sent to Congress. This would mean that Lott would have much more power and influence within Congress in which his views would affect the state of Mississippi and the country to a greater degree. When Lott ran for the senate in 1988, he again was taking advantage of the political climate of the day. President Bush ran and won a resounding victory in the Presidential election as voters sought to continue the Republican success that had come under eight years of the previous President, Republican Ronald Reagan. Lott ran and won a resounding eight point victory over incumbent Wayne Dowdy. Lott was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and 2006 with there existing no sizable Democratic opposition. (Smith, 2005) Lott continued to benefit from the success that the Republican Party was having at this time. From 1993 until 2001, Democrat Bill Clinton was President of the United States and enjoyed high approval ratings throughout out most of his administration. However, it was the Republicans who enjoyed a sizable lead in the Congress through a good portion of the 1990’s. Lott became Senate majority leader of the Republicans in 1996. (http://archives.cnn.com) Lott was best known for the role that he took in the impeachment of President Clinton who, it later turned out, lied to a grand jury about his relationship with a White House intern. Lott preceded in the trial of President Clinton but eventually acquiesced to suspend the proceedings in the Senate. Even though the House had voted to impeach the President, Senator Lott knew that the Republicans in the Senate numbered far short of the necessary votes in order to make the impeachment complete. After the 2000 election when a highly partisan country resulted in a deeply divided Congress and a 50-50 split occurred in the Senate, Vice President Dick Cheney’s vote gave the Republicans the majority in the Senate once again and Trent Lott was again the leader of the Senate. This was short lived when Vermont senator Jim Jeffords became ad independent, thus giving the Democrats the majority in the Senate, Trent Lott then became the Senator Minority Leader. However, 2002 would provide more problems for Trent Lott and possible the Republican Party when Trent Lott made some controversial comments about the nation’s and state’s past which helped to bring to the forefront, a history and hurt feelings and resentment which many in the state as well as the country had tried hard to bury. The spotless record which Trent Lott had spent his entire private and political life building, ended on December 5, 2002 when at a 100th birthday celebration for Senator Strom Thurmond, longtime senator from South Carolina   and who in 1948, ran for President under the Dixicrat ticket which appealed to mostly segregationist southerners. Commenting on that regrettable chapter in American history, Senator Lott commented instead: â€Å"When Strom Thurmond ran for President, we voted for him. We’re proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldn’t have had all these problems over the years either.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This was a comment which was blown up for a number of reasons. The first reason is the historical significance of the 1948 election and the role that Senator Thurmond in his strict   stand for segregation. The political and social atmosphere had changed and what was previously seen as acceptable in the way of racial prejudice, in our present time, has finally been seen for what it is worth; completely unnecessary and an impediment on the freedom of every individual in America. The second problem was that Senator Lott was from the South and represented the South. Despite coming a long way from the times of slavery and segregation, there still existed a strong awareness of history in the South; especially the history of race relations. Such comments helped to bring up a great deal of pent up anger and issues which many had hoped had finally been resolved. IN many degrees it may have been, but this comment by Senator Lott helped to open up a wound that had many thought had been healed. The last problem with the comment, aside from the comment itself, was the voting record of Senator Lott. He had voted against the renewal of the Voting Rights Act as well as the formation of a national holiday for Martin Luther King Junior when it was made a law in 1986. The comment gained strength as the NAACP and Black Entertainment Television BET called for the resignation of Senator Lott. A good deal of political commentators on television also called for the resignation of Senator Lott and the Republican Party, feeling the backlash towards a public, many of which was suspect towards their history of race relations, and feeling a loss of power, compelled Senator Lott to step down from his position as the Minority Leader in the Senate on December 20, 2002 and was replaced by Tennessee Senator Bill Frist. Despite these comments and how in the minds of many, they have forever associated Senator Lott with the Republican Party of the past, Lott has proven that he is not one who will always vote the strict party line. Within his own party, Lott blasted what is referred to as â€Å"pork spending.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This refers to the fleecing of Americans and their hard earned taxes through kickbacks, deals made in smoke filled rooms and money being placed under the table in order to repay one political favor for another. A senator would try to have a disproportionate amount of federal aid sent to his state or local district in order that such efforts would then be repaid by getting the senator elected. There will never be the full disclosure of how popular this is within the Senate but there is an unwritten law among the members of Congress not to speak out against this. â€Å"Despite their on camera antics and fighting, the members of the House and to a greater degree the Senate, constitute a private club in which each member supports and defends the other.† (Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was not one of these men. After the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina and the all too real reality of forty years of political corruption in Louisiana, which led to much of the troubles during that natural disaster, Senator Lott commented: â€Å"I’m getting damn tired of hearing from them. They have been nothing but trouble ever since Katrina. â€Å"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     (http://archives.cnn.com) Many would say that they have been trouble ever since the Congress was formed at the end of the 18th century. Lott became an outspoken critic against a Congress which had been traditionally made up of â€Å"good old boys† who fleeced the tax payers with their nonsense projects and grafting procedures.† (http://archives.cnn.com) It was comments like these which helped cement the reputation of Senator Lott as one that was above being bought or being swayed by public opinion. As much as politics is polarizing and such comments can raise the ire with people as it is human nature, most free thinking individuals can see beyond the partisan back biting which many casual observers cite as the reason for their disinterest in politics. Trent Lott is an exception to what is becoming the norm: partisan members of Congress who will vote the party line and what is popular among the people who voted them in order to continue their role in the Senate. Lott has thought differently and still has been able to make a name for himself in the Senate. Another issue in which Senator Lott angered much of his conservative base was over the issue of immigration. A recent CNN poll cites more than 85% of the American public want the immigration laws to be strengthened in order to stop what is becoming a severe impediment to the country as a whole. (Dobbs, 2005) There is no doubt that illegal immigration needs to be fixed. The inability of the Congress to do anything about it helps to create such low approval ratings. This is because, despite the country being in agreement about the fact that illegal immigration needs to be stopped, there is still much debate as to how exactly that is to be accomplished.   There are a number of factions within the Congress as there is in the country and all have strong opinions. The Democrats seem to be a little more lenient and propose for an easy road to citizen ship. Most Republicans feel that illegal immigrants broke the law and compromised the security of the border and propose anywhere from the deportation of twelve million people to strict fines and being pushed to the end of the line in the path towards citizenship. Some of these feelings are strengthened through talk radio which is currently monopolized by conservatives; many of whom have very strong opinions about what should be done about the problem. Lott made his opinion clear and called for resolve and moderation. Lott sought to do this by listening to his conscience more than what his people tell him to do, which he felt, was asking for more than what was right in this situation. Lott commented: â€Å"Talk radio is running America. We have to deal with the problem†¦. I’m sure senators on both sides of the isle are being pounded by these talk radio people who don’t have a clue what is even on most of these bills.   They are ill informed to comment so.† (Dobbs, 2005) Senator Lott reached across the isle and teamed up with the very liberal Senator Ted Kennedy for their comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. Throughout the whole process, Senator Lott was a voice of reason who called for a moderate approach to the problem so that some immigration bill could be passed. He commented: â€Å"Can we do anything more? I don’t like a lot of these amendments. Some people were acting like this is a sinister operation. I don’t believe so. Everybody knew there was an effort underway†¦. Do you have faith in me after 35 years?† ( http://archives.cnn.com) Despite his best efforts, Senate Leader Harry Reid, Democrat from Nevada killed the bill after less than a week of debate. Since Senator Lott has resigned from his leadership position in the Senate, he still has remained a voice of reason and is not hesitant to vote his conscience over the strict party line. Senator Lott received a mild, though strong Democratic following when he called for the resignation of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld before most Republicans even contemplated the movie. He battled with President Bush over the closing of military bases in the state of Mississippi and was an outspoken critic of Karl Rove, President Bush’s chief advisor. On July 18, 2006, Trent Lott even voted in favor stem cell research; a bill which President Bush in July 2007, vetoed because in the process, the stem cell, which would eventually become a fetus, was viewed by Christians to be a human life and therefore felt that such measures acted as like an abortion. On the other side of the issue, stem cells can be used, researchers think, to grow healthy cells and combat various diseases which attack the brain, spine and nervous system. Senator Trent Lott voted for this research and in the process, alienated himself from much of his base. He knew this before casting his vote but he has gained the respect of his peers on both sides of the isle for being motivated by what he thought to be right and not necessarily what was popular within his own party or with the nation. Whether Trent Lott is alienating his base or voting with the majority, he has been a voice of reason and moderation for most of his career. Trent Lott has been a mainstay in Congress for the last thirty years and even though he has voted in ways that he later regretted and made comments which have hurt him and his legacy in the long run, to the people who like honest talk, both in his home state of Mississippi and in the country at large, have come to respect him for all that he has done. Even after the made those now infamous comments about Senator Thurmond, most Democrats in Congress, despite seeing a political opportunity to increase their support from African Americans and other minorities, realized that the comment was not a true testament to the feelings, the beliefs and the life work which had become Trent Lott. The former leader of the Senate for the Democrats and a figure which had no trouble raising the ire among most Republican supporters, commented on that recent turn of events: â€Å"There are a lot of times when he and I go to the mike and would like to say things we meant to say differently, and I’m sure this is one of those cases for him as well.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This is the case with free thinking individuals who, despite raising the hated and ire for many Republicans through his years in the Senate and could further increase the support of his base by responding their calls to vilify the man, such people who have known Senator Lott for any period of time, though they might not agree with the man and his politics, respects his morals, values and the ways in which he conducts himself. This is hard to do sometimes as the persona cross the isle might be causing a great deal of trouble in one’s political pursuits and perhaps had even exerted efforts to derail their bid for re-election. Nevertheless, the millions of people in America who feel that the actions of the Congress and the beliefs of the men and women who make up such an exclusive club is more important that what the current pop culture icon is wearing or dating, can recognize a genuine person. Those who want to stay in touch with current events and the politics which shape them but still cannot resort to such efforts, cite the fact that in their opinion, there is a severe shortage of people whom they feel to be â€Å"real.† This is most likely true as observers for both Presidential campaigns can record the amount of back peddling that each candidate makes in order to maintain thee highest level of political power; regardless of whether or not that is their real opinion. It is unlikely that Trent Lott, despite his high popularity, will never even contemplate running for President. And it is to the advantage of all those who believe in him that he does not. This is because Trent Lott, with his inability to be disincentive, shoots from the hip and when asked, tells people what he believes more times that not. Sometimes the words will come out wrong and he will regret what he says. However, isn’t this true for all of us. If every formal word of ours over the last 35 years was recorded, how well would others regard us? It is to the benefit of millions of people that is not the case and for those like Senator Lott who has been in the public eye for thirty five years, his record will stand for itself and by itself in this highly partisan climate which is currently choking Washington with no hope of reviving the healthy action of dissent across party lines when an issue does not react well to their own beliefs; the beliefs in which they were elected. Senator Trent Lott is not a member of the former class but stands alone as not only one who apologizes for his mistakes, but also is willing to cross party lines and let the criticism come as they may. This is the true test of one who has earned the trust of the people. It would behoove Washington and the American people if there were more such people in politics. WORKS CITED Dobbs, L. Lott: A Freethinking Member of Congress! CNN Moneyline w. Lou Dobbs. Aired in syndication June 15, 2005 Page, C. Lott’s Comments: Representative of a Larger Culture of Hate?† Chicago Tribune December 15, 2002 Mercurio, J â€Å"Lott Apologizes for Thurmond Comment† http://archives.cnn.com Downloaded July 19, 2007 December 10, 2002 Smith, Harry Senator Trent Lott. Biography   Aired June 12, 2005                              

The Role of Fertility and Population in Economic Growth: Empirical Results from Aggregate Cross-National Data

The role of fertility and population in economic growth: Empirical results from aggregate cross-national data James A. Brander and Steve Dowrick Journal of Population Economics 7(1), pp. 1-25. August 12, 1993 =============================================================== Brander and Dowrick’s (1993) used new sets of data to look at how population growth and fertility affect economic growth. This paper discusses how population growth has varied throughout history. Finding that high birthrates reduce economic growth by â€Å"investment effects† and through â€Å"capital dilution†.Also when birth rates were lowered that income per capita increased. Brander and Dowrick (1993) start by giving statistics on how the population has grown over a few periods of time and highlighte that the population has recently been increasing very quickly. This paper mentions that the growth rates peaked in the 1970’s and are currently slowing down a little. This attributes the increase in the population growth rate to technological innovations, improvements in food (both production and availability), and to increases in health care and sanitation. This increase in population growth rate slowed down economic growth.This paper used data from Summers and Heston (1991) and United Nations World Population Prospects (1992). The data was separated into two time periods, one from 1960-1965 the other from 1980-1985. It suggested that from 1980-1985 there is a more negative relationship between population growth and per capita output growth compared to 1960-1965. Also per capita growth rate are 3. 28% less in 1980-1985 compared to 1960-1965 (page 20). This is attributed to a slow down in technological progress but also mention a doubling of population in the less developed countries.This slow down in per capita growth could have just been an illusion caused by an extremely high rate of growth in the 1960 while the growth rate in 1980 was normal. The Paper suggests that the main factor in the varying per capital income growth among countries the variation in the birthrates. The change in birth rates affects the labour supply. The most basic economic model backs this up. We are taught that as supply decreases, or the quantity of workers goes down, the price to go up. This means the wage for each worker would increase.Oppositely if the birth rates increase, this means that there will be more workers, causing their wage (price) to go down. This data suggest that high birth rates decrease the investment in human capital. This may be true or it may be true that there is a constant amount of investment and as the quantity of children increase there is a dilution of the investment. This paper does not provide a value for life expectancy for the 1960-1965 period nor the 1980-1985 periods or if the life expectancy changed over these time periods.This statistic would allow the reader to understand whether the parents are not investing into their childre n because they do not believe they will reach adulthood (if life expectancy was very low), or if any changes in life expectancy can account for an increase in investment in their children. If the life expectancy were low it would promote an underinvestment in human capital. This would slow down or even reduce the economic growth rate. The reader must assume that the life expectancy does not change and that this was not a factor in choosing whether or not to invest in their children.As birthrates fall, in countries with high initial birth rates, investment in education per children increased. This investment in human capital promotes a more intelligent worker allowing their productivity to increase. The growth rate of per capita income also increased. The general trend that a decreasing birth rate would increase per capita income was obvious. It was not clear on the magnitude of this trend. Countries with low initial birth rates had a positive relationship with investment. Other ways to look at the data are suggested in this paper.The data could have been split up into children and adults because children need to consume less to achieve the same amount of welfare. A few externalities were not taken into account when calculating welfare. Some examples of externalities include environmental standards, policing, or freedom of speech. Since there are some things that you cannot put an absolute dollar amount on, they cannot be examined in this paper. Meaning it is somewhat incomplete. This paper mainly outlines how population growth has changed throughout history.Two different time periods, 1960-1965 and 1980-1985, are looked at to see how the relationship between population growth and per capita output growth changed. It also looked at how the fertility rate affects labour supply and how that affects per capita income. This paper demonstrates the relationship between different birth rate and different amounts of investment in human capital. Other way to examine the evidence and other way to improve the argument of the paper are also mentioned. The paper shows that, the birth rate was lower in 1980.Also, in both time periods, as fertility increased wages decrease and lower fertility rates increased investment per child leading to a more educated and productive workforce. It also suggests that high birth rates reduce output and that a decline in fertility can lead to increase in output per person. References Brander, J. A. , & Dowrick, S. (1994). The role of fertility and population in economic growth: Empirical results from aggregate cross-national data. Journal of Population Economics, 7(1), pp. 1-25. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/20007418